Is It Discrimination To Verify If Customers Dog Is A Service Dog

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Service Animals and Emotional Support Animals

Where are they allowed and under what atmospheric condition?

Jacquie Brennan
Vinh Nguyen (Ed.)
Southwest ADA Heart
A program of ILRU at TIRR Memorial Hermann

Foreword

This manual is defended to the memory of Pax, a devoted guide domestic dog, and to all the handler and dog teams working together beyond the nation. Guide dogs go far possible for their handlers to travel safely with independence, liberty and dignity.

Pax guided his handler faithfully for over ten years. Together they negotiated countless busy intersections and safely traveled the streets of many cities, large and pocket-sized. His skillful guiding kept his handler from injury on more than one occasion. He accompanied his handler to business meetings, restaurants, theaters, and social functions where he conducted himself equally would any highly-trained guide canis familiaris. Pax was a seasoned traveler and was the get-go dog to fly in the motel of a domestic aircraft to Nifty Uk, a land that had previously barred service animals without extended quarantine.

Pax was born in the kennels of The Seeing Middle in the beautiful Washington Valley of New Jersey in March 2000. He lived with a puppy-raiser family unit for almost a year where he learned bones obedience and was exposed to the sights and sounds of community life—the same experiences he would soon confront every bit a guide dog. He so went through 4 months of intensive training where he learned how to guide and ensure the condom of the person with whom he would be matched. In November 2001 he was matched with his handler and they worked equally a team until Pax'south retirement in January 2012, after a long and successful career. Pax retired with his handler's family, where he lived with two other dogs. His life was total of play, long naps, and recreational walks until his expiry in January 2014.

It is the sincere hope of Pax's handler that this guide will be useful in improving the understanding about service animals, their purpose and role, their extensive training, and the rights of their handlers to travel freely and to feel the same access to employment, public accommodations, transportation, and services that others take for granted.

I. Introduction

Individuals with disabilities may use service animals and emotional support animals for a variety of reasons. This guide provides an overview of how major Federal civil rights laws govern the rights of a person requiring a service creature. These laws, besides as instructions on how to file a complaint, are listed in the final section of this publication. Many states besides take laws that provide a different definition of service fauna. You should check your land'south law and follow the constabulary that offers the most protection for service animals. The document discusses service animals in a number of different settings every bit the rules and allowances related to admission with service animals will vary according to the law applied and the setting.

II. Service Creature Defined by Title 2 and Championship Iii of the ADA

A service animal means any canis familiaris that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an private with a inability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability. Tasks performed tin include, amid other things, pulling a wheelchair, retrieving dropped items, alerting a person to a sound, reminding a person to take medication, or pressing an elevator button.

Emotional support animals, condolement animals, and therapy dogs are not service animals under Title II and Title III of the ADA. Other species of animals, whether wild or domestic, trained or untrained, are non considered service animals either. The work or tasks performed by a service fauna must be direct related to the individual'southward disability. Information technology does not thing if a person has a note from a doc that states that the person has a disability and needs to have the brute for emotional support. A doctor'due south letter does not turn an animal into a service animal.

Examples of animals that fit the ADA'southward definition of "service creature" because they take been specifically trained to perform a task for the person with a disability:

· Guide Dog or Seeing Middle® Dogⁱ is a carefully trained dog that serves as a travel tool for persons who take severe visual impairments or are blind.

· Hearing or Point Dog is a dog that has been trained to alert a person who has a pregnant hearing loss or is deafened when a sound occurs, such as a knock on the door.

· Psychiatric Service Dog is a domestic dog that has been trained to perform tasks that assist individuals with disabilities to find the onset of psychiatric episodes and lessen their effects. Tasks performed by psychiatric service animals may include reminding the handler to take medicine, providing safety checks or room searches, or turning on lights for persons with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, interrupting self-mutilation by persons with dissociative identity disorders, and keeping disoriented individuals from danger.

· SSigDOG (sensory betoken dogs or social signal canis familiaris) is a domestic dog trained to assist a person with autism. The dog alerts the handler to distracting repetitive movements common among those with autism, allowing the person to stop the movement (eastward.g., hand flapping).

· Seizure Response Domestic dog is a canis familiaris trained to aid a person with a seizure disorder. How the dog serves the person depends on the person'southward needs. The dog may stand baby-sit over the person during a seizure or the dog may go for aid. A few dogs have learned to predict a seizure and warn the person in accelerate to sit down or move to a safe identify.

Under Championship 2 and III of the ADA, service animals are limited to dogs. However, entities must make reasonable modifications in policies to allow individuals with disabilities to use miniature horses if they accept been individually trained to exercise work or perform tasks for individuals with disabilities.

III. Other Support or Therapy Animals

While Emotional Support Animals or Comfort Animals are oft used equally role of a medical handling programme as therapy animals, they are not considered service animals under the ADA. These support animals provide companionship, relieve loneliness, and sometimes assistance with low, anxiety, and certain phobias, simply do non take special training to perform tasks that assist people with disabilities. Even though some states accept laws defining therapy animals, these animals are not limited to working with people with disabilities and therefore are not covered past federal laws protecting the use of service animals. Therapy animals provide people with therapeutic contact, unremarkably in a clinical setting, to amend their physical, social, emotional, and/or cognitive operation.

4. Handler's Responsibilities

The handler is responsible for the care and supervision of his or her service fauna. If a service fauna behaves in an unacceptable fashion and the person with a disability does not control the animal, a business or other entity does not have to allow the animal onto its premises. Uncontrolled barking, jumping on other people, or running away from the handler are examples of unacceptable behavior for a service animal. A business concern has the right to deny admission to a dog that disrupts their business. For case, a service domestic dog that barks repeatedly and disrupts another patron'southward enjoyment of a pic could exist asked to go out the theater. Businesses, public programs, and transportation providers may exclude a service animate being when the animate being's behavior poses a direct threat to the health or safety of others. If a service creature is growling at other shoppers at a grocery shop, the handler may be asked to remove the animal.

· The ADA requires the animal to be under the control of the handler. This can occur using a harness, leash, or other tether. Yet, in cases where either the handler is unable to concord a tether because of a inability or its use would interfere with the service fauna's safe, effective performance of work or tasks, the service fauna must be under the handler's control by another means, such as voice control.²

· The creature must be housebroken.³

· The ADA does non crave covered entities to provide for the care or supervision of a service animal, including cleaning up after the animal.

· The animal should exist vaccinated in accord with state and local laws.

· An entity may besides appraise the blazon, size, and weight of a miniature horse in determining whether or not the horse will be allowed admission to the facility.

V. Handler's Rights

a) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Titles II and III of the ADA makes it clear that service animals are allowed in public facilities and accommodations. A service animal must be allowed to back-trail the handler to any identify in the building or facility where members of the public, program participants, customers, or clients are allowed. Even if the business concern or public programme has a "no pets" policy, it may not deny entry to a person with a service animal. Service animals are not pets. Then, although a "no pets" policy is perfectly legal, it does not allow a business to exclude service animals.

When a person with a service animal enters a public facility or identify of public accommodation, the person cannot be asked near the nature or extent of his inability. Only two questions may be asked:

1. Is the animal required because of a disability?

2. What work or task has the fauna been trained to perform?

These questions should not be asked, notwithstanding, if the animal's service tasks are obvious. For example, the questions may non be asked if the dog is observed guiding an individual who is blind or has low vision, pulling a person'south wheelchair, or providing assistance with stability or residue to an individual with an observable mobility disability.⁴

A public adaptation or facility is not allowed to enquire for documentation or proof that the animate being has been certified, trained, or licensed as a service fauna. Local laws that prohibit specific breeds of dogs practice not apply to service animals.⁵

A place of public accommodation or public entity may not ask an individual with a disability to pay a surcharge, fifty-fifty if people accompanied past pets are required to pay fees. Entities cannot require anything of people with service animals that they practice not require of individuals in general, with or without pets. If a public accommodation normally charges individuals for the damage they cause, an private with a disability may be charged for damage caused by his or her service animal.^six

b) Employment

Laws prohibit employment discrimination because of a disability. Employers are required to provide reasonable adaptation. Assuasive an individual with a disability to have a service fauna or an emotional support creature accompany them to work may be considered an accommodation. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which enforces the employment provisions of the ADA (Title I), does not have a specific regulation on service animals.⁷ In the instance of a service animal or an emotional support animal, if the inability is not obvious and/or the reason the beast is needed is non clear, an employer may request documentation to found the existence of a inability and how the animal helps the private perform his or her job.

Documentation might include a detailed description of how the animal would help the employee in performing chore tasks and how the animal is trained to acquit in the workplace. A person seeking such an accommodation may suggest that the employer permit the beast to accompany them to work on a trial basis.

Both service and emotional back up animals may be excluded from the workplace if they pose either an undue hardship or a directly threat in the workplace.

c) Housing

The Fair Housing Human action (FHA) protects a person with a disability from discrimination in obtaining housing. Under this law, a landlord or homeowner'south clan must provide reasonable accommodation to people with disabilities so that they have an equal opportunity to enjoy and utilise a dwelling.⁸Emotional support animals that do not qualify as service animals under the ADA may still qualify as reasonable accommodations under the FHA.⁹ In cases when a person with a inability uses a service animate being or an emotional support animal, a reasonable accommodation may include waiving a no-pet rule or a pet eolith.¹⁰ This animal is not considered a pet.

A landlord or homeowner'due south association may not ask a housing bidder about the existence, nature, and extent of his or her disability. However, an individual with a disability who requests a reasonable accommodation may exist asked to provide documentation then that the landlord or homeowner's association can properly review the adaptation request.^xi They can ask a person to certify, in writing, (1) that the tenant or a member of his or her family is a person with a disability; (2) the demand for the animal to help the person with that specific disability; and (3) that the animal actually assists the person with a disability. It is important to keep in mind that the ADA may utilize in the housing context as well, for example with student housing. Where the ADA applies, requiring documentation or certification would not be permitted with regard to an animal that qualifies equally a "service animal."

d) Educational activity

Service animals in public schools (M-12) ^thirteen – The ADA permits a student with a disability who uses a service animal to take the beast at school. In addition, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (Thought) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act let a student to use an animal that does not come across the ADA definition of a service creature if that educatee'due south Individual Pedagogy Plan (IEP) or Section 504 team decides the animal is necessary for the student to receive a free and appropriate education. Where the ADA applies, however, schools should be mindful that the utilise of a service brute is a correct that is not dependent upon the decision of an IEP or Department 504 squad.¹⁴

Emotional support animals, therapy animals, and companion animals are seldom immune to accompany students in public schools. Indeed, the ADA does not contemplate the apply of animals other than those meeting the definition of "service creature." Ultimately, the determination whether a student may utilize an animal other than a service animal should be fabricated on a example-by-example basis by the IEP or Section 504 squad.

Service animals in postsecondary education settings – Under the ADA, colleges and universities must allow people with disabilities to bring their service animals into all areas of the facility that are open to the public or to students.

Colleges and universities may take a policy asking students who use service animals to contact the school's Disability Services Coordinator to register as a educatee with a inability. Higher teaching institutions may non require any documentation about the grooming or certification of a service fauna. They may, however, require proof that a service animal has any vaccinations required by land or local laws that utilise to all animals.

e) Transportation

A person traveling with a service animal cannot be denied access to transportation, fifty-fifty if at that place is a "no pets" policy. In addition, the person with a service animal cannot be forced to sit in a particular spot; no boosted fees can be charged because the person uses a service animal; and the client does not have to provide accelerate notice that southward/he volition be traveling with a service animal.

The laws apply to both public and private transportation providers and include subways, fixed-route buses, Paratransit, rail, light-rails, taxicabs, shuttles and limousine services.

f) Air Travel

At the end of 2020, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) appear that it revised its Air Carrier Access Human activity regulation on the transportation of service animals by air. We are working to update the data provided below to marshal with the changes. While nosotros take the time to update our information, cheque out a summary of the changes available on DOT'south website. Y'all can also find some additional information in DOT's Aviation Consumer Protection's article about service animals.

The Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) requires airlines to permit service animals and emotional support animals to back-trail their handlers in the cabin of the shipping.

Service animals – For evidence that an creature is a service creature, air carriers may ask to see identification cards, written documentation, presence of harnesses or tags, or inquire for verbal assurances from the individual with a disability using the creature. If airline personnel are uncertain that an animal is a service beast, they may ask one of the following:

1. What tasks or functions does your animate being perform for you lot?

ii. What has your animal been trained to do for you?

3. Would you draw how the animal performs this chore for you? ¹⁵

Emotional support and psychiatric service animals – Individuals who travel with emotional support animals or psychiatric service animals may need to provide specific documentation to establish that they have a disability and the reason the animal must travel with them. Individuals who wish to travel with their emotional support or psychiatric animals should contact the airline ahead of fourth dimension to find out what kind of documentation is required.

Examples of documentation that may be requested by the airline: Current documentation (not more one twelvemonth old) on letterhead from a licensed mental health professional person stating (1) the passenger has a mental health-related inability listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 4); (2) having the animal back-trail the passenger is necessary to the passenger's mental health or treatment; (three) the private providing the cess of the rider is a licensed mental health professional and the rider is under his or her professional person care; and (4) the date and type of the mental health professional'southward license and the state or other jurisdiction in which information technology was issued.¹⁶ This documentation may be required as a condition of permitting the creature to back-trail the passenger in the cabin.

Other animals – According to the ACAA, airlines are not required otherwise to conduct animals of any kind either in the cabin or in the cargo hold. Airlines are complimentary to adopt whatever policy they choose regarding the carriage of pets and other animals (for example, search and rescue dogs) provided that they comply with other applicable requirements (for instance, the Beast Welfare Human action).

Animals such as miniature horses, pigs, and monkeys may exist considered service animals. A carrier must make up one's mind on a case-by-case basis according to factors such as the fauna's size and weight; state and foreign land restrictions; whether or not the brute would pose a directly threat to the health or safety of others; or cause a fundamental alteration in the cabin service.¹⁷ Individuals should contact the airlines ahead of travel to find out what is permitted.

Airlines are not required to transport unusual animals such as snakes, other reptiles, ferrets, rodents, and spiders. Foreign carriers are not required to transport animals other than dogs.^eighteen

VI. Reaction/Response of Others

Allergies and fear of dogs are not valid reasons for denying access or refusing service to people using service animals. If employees, fellow travelers, or customers are afraid of service animals, a solution may be to allow enough infinite for that person to avoid getting close to the service animate being.

Most allergies to animals are caused past direct contact with the animal. A separated space might be adequate to avoid allergic reactions.

If a person is at gamble of a meaning allergic reaction to an animal, it is the responsibility of the business or regime entity to find a style to adjust both the individual using the service animal and the individual with the allergy.

Vii. Service Animals in Training

a) Air Travel

The Air Carrier Admission Act (ACAA) does not allow "service animals in preparation" in the cabin of the aircraft because "in training" status indicates that they exercise not yet meet the legal definition of service animal. However, like pet policies, airline policies regarding service animals in training vary. Some airlines permit qualified trainers to bring service animals in training aboard an aircraft for training purposes. Trainers of service animals should consult with airlines and become familiar with their policies.

b) Employment

In the employment setting, employers may exist obligated to allow employees to bring their "service beast in training" into the workplace as a reasonable accommodation, especially if the animal is existence trained to assist the employee with work-related tasks. The untrained animal may be excluded, yet, if information technology becomes a workplace disruption or causes an undue hardship in the workplace.

c) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Championship 2 and Three of the ADA does not cover "service animals in grooming" but several states accept laws when they should be immune access.

Eight. Laws & Enforcement

a) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Title 2 of the ADA covers state and local authorities facilities, activities, and programs. Title 3 of the ADA covers places of public accommodations. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Deed covers federal government facilities, activities, and programs. Information technology also covers the entities that receive federal funding.

Title II and Title III Complaints – These tin can be filed through individual lawsuits in federal court or directed to the U.S. Department of Justice.

U.S. Department of Justice
950 Pennsylvania Avenue, Northward.W.
Ceremonious Rights Division
Inability Rights Department – NYA
Washington, DC 20530
http://www.ada.gov
800-514-0301 (v)
800-514-0383 (TTY)

Section 504 Complaints – These must be made to the specific federal bureau that oversees the program or funding.

b) Employment

Championship I of the ADA and Department 501 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Deed prohibits bigotry in employment. The ADA covers private employers with 15 or more employees; Section 501 applies to federal agencies, and Section 504 applies to any program or entity receiving federal financial assistance.

ADA Complaints - A person must file a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) inside 180 days of an declared violation of the ADA. This borderline may be extended to 300 days if there is a state or local fair employment practices agency that also has jurisdiction over this affair. Complaints may be filed in person, past mail, or by telephone by contacting the nearest EEOC role. This number is listed in most telephone directories under "U.Due south. Authorities." For more information:

http://www.eeoc.gov/contact/index.cfm
800-669-4000 (voice)
800-669-6820 (TTY)

Section 501 Complaints - Federal employees must contact their agency's Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) officer within 45 days of an alleged Department 501 violation.

Section 504 Complaints – These must exist filed with the federal bureau that funded the employer.

c) Housing

The Off-white Housing Act (FHA), as amended in 1988, applies to housing. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination on the ground of inability in all housing programs and activities that are either conducted past the federal authorities or receive federal financial assistance. Championship II of the ADA applies to housing provided by state or local authorities entities.

Complaints – Housing complaints may be filed with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Off-white Housing and Equal Opportunity.

http://www.hud.gov/fairhousing

800-669-9777 (vocalisation)

800-927-9275 (TTY)

d) Education

Students with disabilities in public schools (Grand-12) are covered past Individuals with Disabilities Didactics Act (IDEA), Championship II of the ADA, and Department 504 of the Rehabilitation Human action. Students with disabilities in public postsecondary educational activity are covered by Title Two and Section 504. Title Iii of the ADA applies to private schools (K-12 and post-secondary) that are not operated by religious entities. Individual schools that receive federal funding are also covered past Department 504.

IDEA Complaints - Parents can request a due process hearing and a review from the land educational agency if applicative in that state. They besides can entreatment the country agency's decision to state or federal courtroom. Y'all may contact the Office of Special Teaching and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS) for further information or to provide your own thoughts and ideas on how they may meliorate serve individuals with disabilities, their families and their communities.

For more information contact:

Office of Special Educational activity and Rehabilitative Services

U.S. Department of Instruction

400 Maryland Avenue, South.W.

Washington, DC 20202-7100

202-245-7468 (vocalism)

Title Two of the ADA and Department 504 Complaints - The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) in the Department of Education enforces Championship Ii of the ADA and Section 504 every bit they apply to education. Those who have had admission denied due to a service animal may file a complaint with OCR or file a private lawsuit in federal court. An OCR complaint must exist filed within 180 calendar days of the date of the alleged discrimination, unless the time for filing is extended for good cause. Earlier filing an OCR complaint against an institution, an individual may want to detect out about the institution's grievance procedure and use that process to have the complaint resolved. However, an individual is not required by police force to use the institutional grievance process earlier filing a complaint with OCR. If someone uses an institutional grievance process and then chooses to file the complaint with OCR, the complaint must be filed with OCR within 60 days after the last act of the institutional grievance process.

For more than information contact:

U.S. Department of Education

Office for Ceremonious Rights

400 Maryland Artery, S.W.

Washington, DC 20202-1100

Customer Service: 800-421-3481 (voice)

800-877-8339 (TTY)

E-mail: OCR@ed.gov

http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/howto.html

Title Three Complaints – These may exist filed with the Section of Justice.

U.S. Department of Justice

950 Pennsylvania Artery, N.W.

Civil Rights Division

Disability Rights Section – NYA

Washington, DC 20530

http://www.ada.gov/

800-514-0301 (five)

800-514-0383 (TTY)

e) Transportation

Championship Two of the ADA applies to public transportation while Title Three of the ADA applies to transportation provided past private entities. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act applies to federal entities and recipients of federal funding that provide transportation.

Championship II and Section 504 Complaints – These may exist filed with the Federal Transit Administration's Office of Civil Rights. For more than information, contact:

Managing director, FTA Function of Ceremonious Rights

East Edifice – fifth Floor, TCR

1200 New Jersey Ave., S.E.

Washington, DC 20590
FTA ADA Assistance Line: 888-446-4511 (Voice)
800-877-8339 (Federal Data Relay Service)
http://world wide web.fta.dot.gov/civil_rights.html
http://www.fta.dot.gov/12874_3889.html (Complaint Form)

Championship Iii Complaints – These may be filed with the Department of Justice.

U.S. Department of Justice

950 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.Due west.

Civil Rights Sectionalisation

Disability Rights Section – NYA

Washington, DC 20530

http://www.ada.gov
800-514-0301 (v)

800-514-0383 (TTY)

Annotation: A person does non have to file a complaint with the respective federal agency earlier filing a lawsuit in federal court.

f) Air Transportation

The Air Carrier Admission Act (ACAA) covers airlines. Its regulations clarify what animals are considered service animals and explain how each type of animal should be treated.

ACAA complaints may exist submitted to the Department of Transportation'south Aviation Consumer Protection Division. Air travelers who experience disability-related air travel service problems may call the hotline at 800-778-4838 (voice) or 800- 455-9880 (TTY) to obtain assistance. Air travelers who would like the Section of Transportation (DOT) to investigate a complaint virtually a disability issue must submit their complaint in writing or via email to:

Aviation Consumer Protection Division
Attn: C-75-D
U.Southward. Section of Transportation
1200 New Jersey Ave, S.E.
Washington, DC 20590

For boosted information and questions about your rights under any of these laws, contact your regional ADA heart at 800-949-4232 (voice/TTY).

Acknowledgements

The contents of this booklet were developed past the Southwest ADA Center under a grant (#H133A110027) from the Section of Education's National Institute on Inability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Teaching and yous should non assume endorsement by the Federal Government.

Southwest ADA Middle at ILRU
TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center
1333 Moursund St.
Houston, Texas 77030
713.520.0232 (vox/TTY)
800.949.4232 (vox/TTY)
http://www.southwestada.org

The Southwest ADA Heart is a program of ILRU (Contained Living Research Utilization) at TIRR Memorial Hermann. The Southwest ADA Middle is part of a national network of ten regional ADA Centers that provide up-to-date information, referrals, resources, and grooming on the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The centers serve a variety of audiences, including businesses, employers, authorities entities, and individuals with disabilities. Phone call 1-800-949-4232 five/tty to reach the center that serves your region or visit http://www.adata.org.

This book is printed courtesy of the ADA National Network. The Southwest ADA Center would like to give thanks Jacquie Brennan (author), Ramin Taheri, Richard Piffling, Kathy Gips, Sally Weiss, Wendy Strobel Gower, Erin Marie Sember-Chase, Marian Vessels, and the ADA Knowledge Translation Centre at the University of Washington for their contributions to this booklet.

Principal Investigator: Lex Frieden
Projection Director: Vinh Nguyen
Publication staff: Maria DelBosque, Marisa Demaya, and George Powers

[1] http://www.seeingeye.org

[2] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(4); 28 C.F.,R. § 35.136(d).

[3] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(2); 28 C.F.,R. §35.136(b)(2).

[four] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(6).

[v] See 28 C.F.R. Pt. 35, App. A; Sak v. Aurelia, Urban center of, C 11-4111-MWB (North.D. Iowa Dec. 28, 2011)

[6] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(8).

[vii] 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630 App. The EEOC, in the Interpretive Guidance accompanying the regulations, stated that guide dogs may be an accommodation..."For example, information technology would exist a reasonable accommodation for an employer to allow an individual who is blind to apply a guide canis familiaris at piece of work, even though the employer would not be required to provide a guide dog for the employee."

[8] 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(3)(B).

[ix] Fair Housing of the Dakotas, Inc. v. Goldmark Prop. Mgmt., Inc., iii:09-cv-58 (D.N.D. Mar. 30, 2011): "… the FHA encompasses all types of assistance animals regardless of preparation, including those that meliorate a physical disability and those that meliorate a mental inability."

[10] See Bronk v. Ineichen, 54 F.3d 425, 428-429 (seventh Cir. 1995); HUD v. Purkett, FH-FL 19372 (HUDALJ July 31, 1990) Green v. Housing Authority of Clackamas Canton, 994 F.Supp. 1253 (D. Ore. 1998).

[11] Hawn five. Shoreline Towers Phase 1 Condominium Association, Inc., 347 Fed. Appx. 464 (11th Cir. 2009).

[12] See "Pet Ownership for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities", 73 Federal Register 208 (27 October 2008), pp. 63834-63838; United States. (2004). Reasonable Accommodations under the Off-white Housing Human action: Joint Statement of the Section of Housing and Urban Development and Section of Justice. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.South. Department of Justice [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 03/06/2014 from http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/hce/jointstatement_ra.php.

[13] Private schools that are not operated past religious entities are considered public accommodations. Delight refer to Section V(a).

[14] Sullivan v. Vallejo City Unified Sch. Dist., 731 F. Supp. 947 (E.D. Cal. 1990).

[15] "Guidance Concerning Service Animals in Air Transportation", 68 Federal Register 90 (nine May 2003), p. 24875.

[16] fourteen C.F.R. § 382.117(eastward).

[17] 14 C.F.R. § 382.117(f).

[18] Id.